Ahmed, S. (2014). The cultural politics of emotion (2nd ed.). Edinburgh University Press.
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This is a bold take on the crucial role of emotion in politics. Emotions work to define who we are as well as shape what we do and this is no more powerfully at play than in the world of politics. Ahmed considers how emotions keep us invested in relationships of power, and also shows how this use of emotion could be crucial to feminist and queer political movements. Debates on international terrorism, asylum and migration, as well as reconciliation and reparation are explored through topical case studies. In this textbook the difficult issues are confronted head on. New for this edition: a substantial 15,000-word Afterword on ‘Emotions and Their Objects’ which provides an original contribution to the burgeoning field of affect studies; a revised Bibliography; and updated throughout.
Anti-Defamation League. (2023). Online hate and harassment: The American experience. ADL Center for Technology and Society.
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This report summarizes results from ADL’s most recent annual representative survey of a nationally representative sample of adults (n=2139) and teens ages 13-17 (n=550) related to experiences with hate and harassment on social media. Rates of reported hate and harassment “increased by nearly every measure and within almost every demographic group” (p. 7) and in particular for Black/African American and Muslim respondents.
Balleck, B.J. (Ed.). (2019). Hate groups and extremist organizations in America: An encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400661983
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This expansive collection of A-Z entries offers a compelling look into hate groups in America. Focusing on organizations in operation today, this resource book for student and general audiences covers numerous hot-button issues in politics and culture. The Southern Poverty Law Center lists nearly 900 hate groups active in the United States today. Some of these, such as the KKK, have deep roots in American history. Others are newer, formed in response to policies and shifts in our cultural landscape. Often these organizations imply defense of America and political ideals in their names, such as “Council of Conservative Citizens” and “American Family Association.” Some, such as “White Aryan Resistance” and “Supreme White Alliance,” are more direct in their associations. Nearly all posit an erosion of rights and values; a way of life that is becoming lost to immigrants; a diffusion or integration of population; and government overstep. Many of these groups preach a necessity for violence, through either outright or thinly veiled language. Membership in these organizations poses another topic for investigation, as their ranks are not just anti-government or pro-gun rights types who seek to defend the Constitution. Many are simply citizens who see their ideal for America as under threat by various groups-whether ethnic, racial, or religious. This unique reference will allow readers to explore the underlying issues central to understanding them. How do these hate groups get started, and why do people join?
Barney, D. J., & Schaffner, B. F. (2019). Reexamining the effect of mass shootings on public support for gun control. British Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 1555-1565.
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Mass shootings have become an unfortunate recurring fact of life in the United States, with each new tragedy leading to renewed debate over gun control policy. It is reasonable to hypothesize that when a mass shooting occurs close to an individual, it might have a significant impact on how they think about the issue of gun control. In their recent article, Newman and Hartman (2017) test for such a relationship using both cross-sectional and panel survey data. The authors find that ‘Americans – Democrats and Republicans alike – are responsive to tragic events like mass public shootings, albeit in a contextually dependent way’ (Newman and Hartman 2017, 23). In particular, the authors find that individuals who live closer to mass shooting events are more supportive of stricter gun control regulations. This finding could have important implications for issue advocacy in the wake of threats to public safety. In a context where segments of public opinion are responsive to these events, policy demanders seeking more stringent gun control policies would be best served by mobilizing support in areas where the threat of mass shootings is most salient. Despite calls to avoid ‘politicizing’ these tragedies, advocacy organizations may invest considerable resources into a strategy focused on those most affected by mass shootings in order to cultivate public support for gun control policies. While this sort of advocacy might not produce stricter gun control measures in the short term, it could very well have agenda-setting and electoral consequences. But the efficacy of such an approach to mobilization rests on the validity of a robust causal relationship between exposure to mass shootings and shifts in public opinion. Thus, the material consequences of Newman and Hartman’s conclusion warrant a closer examination of this relationship. Of course, recovering an unbiased causal estimate for an event from observational data is challenging. This difficulty is especially pronounced when one uses cross-sectional data, as it is impossible to fully account for all the potential confounding variables. Newman and Hartman’s use of the large-N Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) panel survey thus offers the best leverage for estimating the effect of a shooting intervention on gun control attitudes. The CCES survey is well designed for such an analysis because it includes a large number of respondents who are geo-coded at the ZIP code level and who answered the same question about gun control laws in 2010 and again in 2012. Therefore one can examine whether there is within-person change in gun control attitudes when they live near a shooting that occurred between Waves 1 and 2. In this response, we attempt to replicate Newman and Hartman’s findings and then seek to extend the analysis. The goal is to examine whether the effect they recover is robust to both alternative distance thresholds and panel models that incorporate individual and time fixed effects. We also seek to extend the analysis by testing for effects across a longer, three-wave panel. In doing so, we also re-examine the potentially polarizing effects that mass shootings may have on the attitudes of Democrats and Republicans. In the course of our research, we identified a discrepancy in how the authors coded their treatment variable; this discrepancy influences whether one finds an effect for mass shootings. Our analyses failed to find any significant or substantively meaningful main effect for a mass shooting intervention on gun control attitudes. We did, however, find evidence that mass shootings have polarizing effects conditional on partisanship. That is, Democrats who live near a mass shooting event tend to become more supportive of gun control restrictions, while Republican attitudes shift in the opposite direction.
Bawono, B. T., & Glaser, H. (2024). The urgency of restorative justice regulation on hate speech. BESTUUR, 11(2), 364. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v11i2.82508
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Regulations on the imposition of criminal sanctions in cases of hate speech on social media are, at some point, considered to degrade human rights to express opinions in the context of a democratic country. This research aims to provide an overview of resolving hate speech cases on social media using a restorative justice approach and how regulations should be created and developed. This research uses normative legal research methods using statutory and conceptual approaches. The concept proposed refers to the theory of restorative justice and the theory of establishing appropriate regulations. This research indicates that until now, there has been no strong and adequate legal basis for implementing non-penal resolution of hate speech cases through a restorative justice approach. In the Criminal Code, which revokes the article regarding hate speech in the Information and Electronic Transactions Law both before and after the Constitutional Court Decision, there is no reference to using a restorative justice approach in resolving existing cases. It is urgent to regulate restorative justice arrangements to guarantee legal certainty for the parties by considering recovery for damage and losses victims suffer based on a mutually agreed agreement. Restorative justice can mediate accusations of degradation of freedom of opinion and can maintain democratic values. Based on the regulatory formation process theory, some factors must be considered in designing and making restorative justice arrangements in hate speech.
Birondo, N. (Ed.). (2022). The moral psychology of hate. Rowman & Littlefield.
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The Moral Psychology of Hate provides the first systematic introduction to the moral psychology of hate compiling specially commissioned essays by an international team of scholars with a wide range of disciplinary orientations. In light of the recent revival of interest in emotions in academic philosophy, and the current social and political interest in hate, this volume provides arguments for and against the value of hate through a combination of empirical and philosophical methods. The authors examine hate not merely as a destructive feeling but as an emotion of great moral significance that illuminates how we understand each other and ourselves. The book will be of major interest to anyone concerned with the dynamics and the moral and political implications of this most powerful of human emotions.
Blee, K. M., Futrell, R., & Simi, P. (2024). Out of hiding: Extremist white supremacy and how it can be stopped. Routledge.
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“Out of Hiding: Extremist White Supremacy and How It Can Be Stopped explains how white supremacist extremism endures, the varied forms it takes, its relationship to systemic racism, and what to do about it. The book draws on more than 30 years of extensive data and direct experiences with extremists to describe how white supremacy moved into the spotlight during the first two decades of the 21st century. The argument focuses on three moments between 2008 and today during which white supremacists took opportunities to move from pockets of underground activism to violent protests across the United States. The authors offer a corrective to observers who mischaracterize today’s racial extremism as a new form of “alt-right” conservatism or “white nationalism” emanating from an isolated, poorly educated, economically disenfranchised online fringe. These misunderstandings reflect the limited attention given to the varied and persistent forms of racial extremism that have long simmered in America and an inability to acknowledge the appeal white supremacist messages can hold for a broad swath of the US population. This volume contributes a longer view than other books to demonstrate that today’s white supremacy is less a unique eruption than a continuation – and an acceleration – of longstanding US white supremacy. This is essential reading for scholars and activists interested in racism, white supremacy, and far-right extremism”– Provided by publisher.
Brown, A., & Sinclair, A. (2024). Hate speech frontiers: Exploring the limits of the ordinary and legal concepts. Cambridge UP.
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No serious attempt to answer the question ‘What is hate speech?’ would be complete without an exploration of the outer limits of the concept(s). This book critically examines both the ordinary and legal concepts of hate speech, contrasting social media platform content policies with national and international laws. It also explores a range of controversial grey area examples of hate speech. Part I focuses on the ordinary concept and looks at hybrid attacks, selective attacks, reverse attacks, righteous attacks, indirect attacks, identity attacks, existential denials, identity denials, identity miscategorisations, and identity appropriations. Part II concentrates on the legal concept. It considers how to distinguish between hate speech and hate crime, and examines the precarious position of denialism laws in national and international law. Together, the authors draw on conceptual analysis, doctrinal analysis, linguistic analysis, critical analysis, and diachronic analysis to map the new frontiers of the concepts of hate speech.
Brudholm, T., & Johansen, B. S. (2018). Hate, politics, law: Critical perspectives on combating hate. Oxford UP.
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“[The authors] have gathered a group of distinguished scholars who offer a critical exploration and assessment of the basic assumptions, ideals, and agendas behind the modern fight against hate. They explore these issues and provide a range of explanatory and normative perspectives on the awkward relationship between hate and liberal democracy, as expressed, for example, through anti-hate speech and anti-hate crime initiatives. The volume further examines the presuppositions and ideological roots of fighting hate, as well as its blind spots and limits. It also includes discussions on the definition and meaning of hate, the longer and broader history of the concept of hate, and when and why fighting hatred became politically salient.”– Book jacket.
Castaño-Pulgarín, S. A., Suárez-Betancur, N., Vega, L. M., & López, H. M. (2021). Internet, social media and online hate speech: Systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 58, 101608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2021.101608
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Castano-Pulgarin and colleagues (2021) provide a meta-review of articles from 2015-2019 exploring how the internet and social media in particular may or may not give rise to hate speech or cyberhate. A total of 947 articles were reviewed and 67 met criteria to be included in the article. Among other results, they conclude that “Racism seems to be amplified within social media environments. The anonymity and greater accessibility of the Internet, gave platform, identity protection for expressions and online racist attitudes.” (p. 3) and that events of terrorism are often linked with public reactions on social media and more frequent postings including misinformation and disinformation.
Click, M. A. (Ed.). (2019). Anti-fandom: Dislike and hate in the digital age. New York University Press.
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A revealing look at the pleasure we get from hating figures like politicians, celebrities, and TV characters, showcased in approaches that explore snark, hate-watching, and trolling The work of a fan takes many forms: following a favorite celebrity on Instagram, writing steamy fan fiction fantasies, attending meet-and-greets, and creating fan art as homages to adored characters. While fandom that manifests as feelings of like and love are commonly understood, examined less frequently are the equally intense, but opposite feelings of dislike and hatred. Disinterest. Disgust. Hate. This is anti-fandom. It is visible in many of the same spaces where you see fandom: in the long lines at ComicCon, in our politics, and in numerous online forums like Twitter, Tumblr, Reddit, and the ever dreaded comments section. This is where fans and fandoms debate and discipline. This is where we love to hate. Anti-Fandom,a collection of 15 original and innovative essays, provides a framework for future study through theoretical and methodological exemplars that examine anti-fandom in the contemporary digital environment through gender, generation, sexuality, race, taste, authenticity, nationality, celebrity, and more. From hatewatching Girls and Here Comes Honey Boo Boo to trolling celebrities and their characters on Twitter, these chapters ground the emerging area of anti-fan studies with a productive foundation. The book demonstrates the importance of constructing a complex knowledge of emotion and media in fan studies. Its focus on the pleasures, performances, and practices that constitute anti-fandom will generate new perspectives for understanding the impact of hate on our identities, relationships, and communities.
Echterhoff, G., Higgins, E. T., & Levine, J. M. (2009). Shared reality: Experiencing commonality with others’ inner states about the world. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(5), 496-521.
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Humans have a fundamental need to experience a shared reality with others. We present a new conceptualization of shared reality based on four conditions. We posit (a) that shared reality involves a (subjectively perceived) commonality of individuals ‘ inner states (not just observable behaviors); (b) that shared reality is about some target referent; (c) that for a shared reality to occur, the commonality of inner states must be appropriately motivated; and (d) that shared reality involves the experience of a successful connection to other people’s inner states. In reviewing relevant evidence, we emphasize research on the saying-is-believing effect, which illustrates the creation of shared reality in interpersonal communication. We discuss why shared reality provides a better explanation of the findings from saying-is-believing studies than do other formulations. Finally, we examine relations between our conceptualization of shared reality and related constructs (including empathy, perspective taking, theory of mind, common ground, embodied synchrony, and socially distributed knowledge) and indicate how our approach may promote a comprehensive and differentiated understanding of social-sharing phenomena.
Edwards, E. L. (2023). Digital Islamophobia: Tracking a far-right crisis. De Gruyter.
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The rise of far-right communities on digital platforms is a global crisis. Digital Islamophobia tracks far-right groups where they are a virtual and vicious threat, exploring how these networks grow, develop, and circulate Islamophobic hate-speech on Twitter. Reconstructing this media ecosystem, Digital Islamophobia traces the reactionary political ideologies animating these groups through feminist data analytic techniques in a transnational study of German and American far-right, digitally networked users. This work illustrates far-right communities using data visualization techniques, identifies a taxonomy of user-types, analyzes themes and stories that motivate far-right users, and tracks the spread of linked forms of anti-Muslim sentiment, reactionary ideologies, and (mis)information. In doing so, Digital Islamophobia details how far-right discourse is not merely national, or even transatlantic, but increasingly transnationalized among American, German, as well as Indian and Nigerian digital networks. By tracking and tracing the contours of these far-right digital communities on Twitter and analyzing the content of their conversations, Digital Islamophobia provides policy-makers, researchers, and scholars with a potential road-map to stop them.
Ermida, I. (Ed.). (2023). Hate speech in social media: Linguistic approaches. Palgrave Macmillan.
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This edited book offers insight into the linguistic construction of prejudice and discrimination in social media. Drawing on the outputs of a three-year research project, NETLANG, involving scholars from five European countries (Portugal, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland and Poland), as well as on external contributions from participants in the project’s final conference, the collection brings together a variety of linguistic approaches to the study of online hate speech, ranging from Pragmatics to Syntax, Lexis, Stylistics, Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Corpus Linguistics. Data from English, Portuguese, Danish, Lithuanian, Persian, Polish, and Slovenian are examined, along with various geopolitical contexts for hate speech, especially anti-refugee and anti-immigrant discourse. The authors explore a continuum of overt to covert textual data, namely: (i) structural elements, such as syntactic and morphological patterns found to recur throughout the texts; (ii) lexical and stylistic elements, revealing the often implicit ways vocabulary choices and rhetorical devices signal the expression of hate; and (iii) interactional elements, concerning the pragmatic relationships established in online communicative exchanges. The chapters cover numerous types of prejudice, such as sexism, nationalism, racism, antisemitism, religious intolerance, ageism, and homo/transphobia. The book will be of interest to an academic readership in Linguistics, Media Studies, Communication Studies, and Social Sciences. Isabel Ermida is Professor of Linguistics at the Department of English Studies, University of Minho, Portugal. She has dedicated her research to the pragmatic analysis of forms of indirectness and implicitness in language, with a key interest in humour, on which she has published extensively (The Language of Comic Narratives, 2008; Language and Humour in the Media, co-edited, 2012). Her latest work explores the language of hate speech, focusing on the expression of power and the ideological construction of identity and belonging. Drawing on impoliteness studies and speech act scholarship, she has analysed the prejudiced and discriminatory representation of social variables such as gender, nationality, ethnicity, age, and social class in public discourse. Her latest international financed project (NETLANG) delves into the language of hate speech on social media.
Hall, E., Clayton, J., & Donovan, C. (2022). Safe Spaces or Spaces of Control? Racial Tensions at Predominantly White Institutions. In Landscapes of Hate (pp. 157–175). Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529215205.ch009
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This chapter explores minority students’ experiences university-sponsored safe spaces and programmes designated for students of colour, to develop a deeper understanding of the complex pathways students of colour must navigate and negotiate to survive at Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs) in the US. Many minority students appreciate the goals of these spaces and programmes to promote diversity and inclusivity at PWIs. However, many also question how these may act as a mechanism to segregate, thus potentially rendering the experiences of racialized discrimination and violence invisible to the larger campus population. The chapter draws on an ethnographic study of a population of ethnic minority students at a university in the US Midwest, and the role and use of safe spaces in how they navigate their presence in the institution. The chapter concludes that universities need to openly acknowledge that racism and hate exists on campuses, and work with students of colour to develop measures to alleviate hate.
Lawrence, N. (2014). The Routledge International Handbook on Hate Crime. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203578988
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This edited collection brings together many of the world’s leading experts, both academic and practitioner, in a single volume Handbook that examines key international issues in the field of hate crime. Collectively it examines a range of pertinent areas with the ultimate aim of providing a detailed picture of the hate crime ‘problem’ in different parts of the world. The book is divided into four parts: An examination, covering theories and concepts, of issues relating to definitions of hate crime, the individual and community impacts of hate crime, the controversies of hate crime legislation and theoretical approaches to understanding offending. An exploration of the international geography of hate, in which each chapter examines a range of hate crime issues in different parts of the world, including the UK, wider Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. Reflections on a number of different perspectives across a range of key issues in hate crime, examining areas including particular issues affecting different victim groups, the increasingly important influence of the Internet and hate crimes in sport. A discussion of a range of international efforts being utilised to combat hate and hate crime. Offering a strong international focus and comprehensive coverage of a wide range of hate crime issues, this book is an important contribution to hate crime studies and will be essential reading for academics, students and practitioners interested in this field. This edited collection brings together many of the world’s leading experts, both academic and practitioner, in a single volume handbook that examines key international issues in the field of hate crime. Collectively it examines a range of pertinent areas with the ultimate aim of providing a detailed picture of the hate crime ‘problem’ in different parts of the world. The book is divided into four parts: An examination, covering theories and concepts, of issues relating to definitions of hate crime, the individual and community impacts of hate crime, the controversies of hate crime legislation, and theoretical approaches to understanding offending. An exploration of the international geography of hate, in which each chapter examines a range of hate crime issues in different parts of the world, including the UK, wider Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. Reflections on a number of different perspectives across a range of key issues in hate crime, examining areas including particular issues affecting different victim groups, the increasingly important influence of the Internet, and hate crimes in sport. A discussion of a range of international efforts being utilised to combat hate and hate crime. Offering a strong international focus and comprehensive coverage of a wide range of hate crime issues, this book is an important contribution to hate crime studies and will be essential reading for academics, students and practitioners interested in this field.
Luo, H., Castillo, M. S., Esboldt, J., Kim, M., Murata, A., & Munzer, A. (2023). Insights for Educators and School Leaders: Understanding and Addressing Online Hate Speech, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34239.07846
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Luo and colleagues (2023) examine how online hate speech and cyberbullying may affect traditionally marginalized groups and widen the inequality gap based on their review of recent reviews and empirical research on online hate speech. They provide reflection questions and recommendations for school leaders as a means to address the harmful effects of online hate speech on students. These questions help educators focus on assessing frequency of hate speech, strategies to prevent hate speech, existing policies and procedures, collaboration among stake-holders, and areas of improvement.
McLuhan, M. (2003). Understanding media : the extensions of man / Marshall McLuhan ; edited by W. Terrence Gordon. (W. T. Gordon, Ed.; Critical ed.). Gingko Press.
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This reissue marks the thirtieth anniversary (1964-1994) of McLuhan’s classic expose on the state of the then emerging phenomenon of mass media. Terms and phrases such as “the global village” and “the medium is the message” are now part of the lexicon, and McLuhan’s theories continue to challenge our sensibilities and our assumptions about how and what we communicate. There has been a notable resurgence of interest in McLuhan’s work in recent years, fueled by the Internet and growing competition and confluence among cable, telephone, wireless and other telecommunications technologies, resulting in new media models and information ecologies. In a new introduction to this edition of Understanding Media, Harper’s editor Lewis Lapham reevaluates McLuhan’s work in the light of the technological as well as the political and social changes that have occurred in the last part of this century.–From publisher description.
Micheletto, L. (2023). Assessing hate crime laws : a multidisciplinary perspective. Palgrave Macmillan.
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This book offers a critical analysis of hate crime law using Italy as a case study. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, it develops an international framework for mapping hate crime laws onto the phenomenon of hate crime itself, allowing for better legislation to be drafted. It shows how this analytical tool may be used in practice by applying it to legislation in Italy, where Parliament recently dismissed a legislative proposal to extend hate crime law to sex, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, and disability. The framework allows readers to critique the rationale behind hate crime laws and the effect of, or potential effect of, their implementation. This book ultimately seeks to answer to the question of how and whether States can legitimately introduce a harsher sentence for bias motivated crimes. It bridges interdisciplinary hate studies and more traditional legal analysis. It speaks to an international audience as well asto an audience with a specific interest in the Italian context. — From publisher description.
Miller-Idriss, C. (2022). Hate in the homeland: The new global far right (First paperback edition). Princeton University Press.
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“Placing space and place at the center of its analysis enables Hate in the Homeland to focus on hate groups and far right extremism not only as static, organized movements but also as flows of youth who move in and out of the periphery and interstitial spaces of far right scenes, rather than only studying youth at the definable or fixed core of far right extremist movements. For many-perhaps even most-far right youth, Miller-Idriss argues that extremist engagement is characterized by a process of moving in and out of far right scenes throughout their adolescence and adulthood in ways that scholars and policymakers have yet to understand. Hate in the Homeland will make a critical intervention into the literature on extremism by showing how youth on the margins are mobilized through flexible engagements in mainstream-style physical and virtual spaces which the far right has actively targeted for this purpose. This approach to far right extremism and radicalization significantly broadens what we know about the far right, and how people engage with it”– Provided by publisher
Müller, K., & Schwarz, C. (2021). Fanning the Flames of Hate: Social Media and Hate Crime. Journal of the European Economic Association, 19(4), 2131–2167. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvaa045
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This paper investigates the link between social media and hate crime. We show that antirefugee sentiment on Facebook predicts crimes against refugees in otherwise similar municipalities with higher social media usage. To establish causality, we exploit exogenous variation in the timing of major Facebook and internet outages. Consistent with a role for “echo chambers,” we find that right-wing social media posts contain narrower and more loaded content than news reports. Our results suggest that social media can act as a propagation mechanism for violent crimes by enabling the spread of extreme viewpoints.
Nacos, B. L., Bloch-Elkon, Y., & Shapiro, R. Y. (2024). Hate speech and political violence: Far-right rhetoric from the Tea Party to the insurrection. Columbia University Press.
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“How did the United States descend into crisis, with institutions frayed, political violence mounting, and democracy itself in peril? This timely book identifies how the Tea Party and its extremist narratives laid the groundwork for the rise of Donald Trump, his MAGA movement, and the January 6, 2021, assault on the Capitol. Brigitte L. Nacos, Yaeli Bloch-Elkon, and Robert Y. Shapiro trace the escalation of a strain of extremist rhetoric in right-wing political discourse after the inauguration of Barack Obama. Drawing on extensive and in-depth analysis of political communication in both traditional media and online spaces, they demonstrate how the dominant rhetorical styles of the Trump era were pioneered by the Tea Party. A backlash to the election of the first Black president, this reactionary social movement deployed violent language and spread anti-Obama paranoia, with the assistance of media insiders, GOP leaders, and conservative advocacy groups. Donald Trump rose to political prominence by hitching himself to the “birther” racist conspiracy theory, espoused by many Tea Partiers, and drew from their aggressive and hyperpartisan repertoire. Ultimately, this book shows, the increasingly violent rhetoric of right-wing extremists spilled over into real-world political violence. Revealing the path the Tea Party blazed to Trump and the insurrectionists, Hate Speech and Political Violence provides timely new insights into the threats facing American democracy”– Provided by publisher.
Newman, B. J., & Hartman, T. K. (2019). Mass shootings and public support for gun control. British Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 1527-1553.
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The recent spate of mass public shootings in the United States raises important questions about how these tragic events might impact mass opinion and public policy. Integrating research on focusing events, contextual effects and perceived threat, this article stipulates that residing near a mass shooting should increase support for gun control by making the threat of gun violence more salient. Drawing upon multiple data sources on mass public shootings paired with large-N survey data, it demonstrates that increased proximity to a mass shooting is associated with heightened public support for stricter gun control. Importantly, the results show that this effect does not vary by partisanship, but does vary as a function of salience-related event factors, such as repetition, magnitude and recency. Critically, the core result is replicated using panel data. Together, these results suggest a process of context-driven policy feedback between existing gun laws, egregious gun violence and demand for policy change.
Peterson, J., & Densley, J. (2021). The violence project: How to stop a mass shooting epidemic. Abrams.
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Rachel Louise Snyder, bestselling author of No Visible Bruises An examination of the phenomenon of mass shootings in America and an urgent call to implement evidence-based strategies to stop these tragedies Using data from the writers’ groundbreaking research on mass shooters, including first-person accounts from the perpetrators themselves, The Violence Project charts new pathways to prevention and innovative ways to stop the social contagion of violence. Frustrated by reactionary policy conversations that never seemed to convert into meaningful action, special investigator and psychologist Jill Peterson and sociologist James Densley built The Violence Project, the first comprehensive database of mass shooters. Their goal was to establish the root causes of mass shootings and figure out how to stop them by examining hundreds of data points in the life histories of more than 170 mass shooters-from their childhood and adolescence to their mental health and motives. They’ve also interviewed the living perpetrators of mass shootings and people who knew them, shooting survivors, victims’ families, first responders, and leading experts to gain a comprehensive firsthand understanding of the real stories behind them, rather than the sensationalized media narratives that too often prevail. For the first time, instead of offering thoughts and prayers for the victims of these crimes, Peterson and Densley share their data-driven solutions for exactly what we must do, at the individual level, in our communities, and as a country, to put an end to these tragedies that have defined our modern era.
Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.). (2020). Perspectives on hate: How it originates, develops, manifests, and spreads. American Psychological Association.
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“With hate crimes on the rise, it is more important than ever to understand how hate originates, develops, manifests, and spreads–and how it can be counteracted. In this book, renowned psychologist Robert J. Sternberg assembles a diverse group of experts to examine these central issues from the perspectives of multiple disciplines. The book is anchored by Sternberg’s FLOTSAM theory, which identifies key conditions that enable the development and transmission of hate, including fear, license, obedience to authority, trust, sense of belonging to a valued group, amplification of arousal, and modeling. Chapters work through various manifestations of hate: hate as a thought, a feeling, or an action; forms of hate that are rooted in group bias, or that stem from a single relationship; and hate that varies in intensity, from the mundane to the extreme. Authors also explore the various cognitive and emotional processes at work, as well as the political motivations that can spark violent acts of hate. The book also considers the role of hate crime legislation and the relationships among hate speech, free speech, and group violence”–Provided by publisher.
Van Brunt, B., Pescara-Kovach, L., & Van Brunt, B. (2022). White Supremacist Violence: Understanding the Resurgence and Stopping the Spread (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003199656
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White Supremacist Violence is a powerful resource for education and mental health professionals who are developing the tools and skills needed to slow the progress of the fast-growing hate movement in the United States. Chapters immerse the reader in a hybrid of research, historical reviews, current events, social media and online content, case studies, and personal experiences. The first half of the text explores the ways in which individuals become increasingly indoctrinated through the exploitation of cognitive openings, perceptions of real or imagined marginalization, exposure to political rhetoric and manipulation, as well as an examination of social media and commerce sites that create a climate ripe for recruitment. The second half of the book walks the reader through three cases studies and offers treatment considerations to assist mental-health professionals and those developing education and prevention-based programming. White Supremacist Violence gives readers useful perspectives and insights into the white supremacy movement while offering clinicians, threat-assessment professionals, and K-12 and university educators and administrators practical guidance on treatment and prevention efforts.